Teaching Essay Writing Example For Students

Teaching Essay Writing The Special and General Theory The theory of relativity was introduced by Albert Einstein around the early nineteen hundereds. It is a theory which enables the human mind to understand the possible actions of the universe. The theory is divided into two parts, the special, and the general. In each part, there is a certain limit to which it explains and helps to comprehend. In the special, Einstein explains ways of understanding the atom and other small objects, while the general is designed for the study of large objects, such as planets. The theory of relativity having being created, succeeded the two hundred year old mechanics of Isaac Newton, thus showing Einstein as more of a futuristic thinker and adapter. Einstein introduced the concept of Relativity, which means that there is no absolute motion in the universe. We will write a custom essay on Teaching Writing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Einstein showed that humans are not in a flat, absolute time of everyday experience, but in a curved space-time. Take for example the Earth as a whole. The earth has a circumference of around twenty five thousand miles, and it can be covered within a twenty-four hour time frame. Having this completion of distance covered within the set amount of time, shows that the Earth rotates a little over one-thousand miles per hour. it can be assumed that something in the solar system is not moving, and we can measure how fast the earth is moving by relative to the object. However, no matter what object is chosen, it is moving as well, thus showing that nothing is fixed and that everything is moving, and it is unknown how fast or in what direction. The Theory of Relativity is a theory compressing mechanics, gravitation, and space-time. Having known this, it is seen so that all things are related, but can not be thought of as individual. The Theory of Relativity is known for having two parts to it. The first part is the special relativity; the other is the general relativity. Special relativity is known for its publication in 1906; it is used for microscopic physics, such as atoms and small objects. The other type of relativity, the general, is known for its publication in 1916, well after the birth of its counterpart. The general half of the theory is intended for astrophysics and cosmology, such as solar systems, planets, and large objects. A British Astronomer named Sir Arthur Eddington, was one of the first to fully understand the Theory of Relativity. A little humor about his intelligence can be seen to when he was asked about there being three people who understood the Theory of Relativity, his response was who is the third? The discovery of Quasars, the 3 kelvin microwave background radiation, pulsars, and possibly blackholes were studied with to see the accuracy of the Theory of Relativity with gravity. This led the development of the space program, telescopes, computers, etcto make better calculations of the accuracy of the theory. The Theory of Relativity has two main parts, the special and the general. The internal part of the special theory is in reference to any region, such as a free falling laboratory, in which objects move in straight lines and have uniform velocities. In the lab, nothing would appear to be moving if everything in the lab was falling, the movement of the lab is relevant to the person that is in the lab. The principle of relativity theorizes that experiments in an internal frame, is independent from uniform velocity of the frame. An example of this is the speed of light. The speed of light within the internal frame is the same for all, regardless of the speed of the observer. Two events that are simultaneos in one frame, may not be simultaneos when viewed from a frame moving relative to the first one. Movement looks different depending on where the observer is located, how fast it is moving, and in what direction. .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 , .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .postImageUrl , .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 , .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57:hover , .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57:visited , .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57:active { border:0!important; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57:active , .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57 .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13f0dbd361d1bceaa4b972914c8a9f57:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wilt Chamberlain Essay An interesting fact about the special relativity, is that the mechanical foundations of special relativity were researched in 1908 by a german mathmetician named, Hermann Minkowski. Minkowski ler einstein to postulate the vanishing of gravity in free fall. In any free fall, laws of physics should take on special relitavistic forms, this is what led to the EEP(Eisteins Equivalence Principle.) A consequence of EEP is that the space time must be curved. It is techinical, consider two frames falling freely, but on opposite sides of the Earth. According to Minkowski, spare time is valid locally in each frame, but since the frames are accelerating towards each other, the two Minkowski space-times can not be extended untill they meet. Therefor, with gravity, space time is not flat locally, but spaced globally. Any theory of gravity that fulfills EEP, is called a metric theory. Along with the special side of the theory, is the genral side of it. The principle to show space-time curved by presence of matter. To determine curvature, requires a specific metric theory of gravity, such as general relativity. Einsteins aim was to find the simplist equations, he found a set of 10. To test the general theory Einstein performed three tests. Gravitational red shift, light deflection, and perihelion shift of mercury. To test light deflection, Einstein used the curve space-time of the sun light; it shoul be deflected 1.75 seconds of arc if it glazes the solar surface. The concept of gravitational lenses is based on the already discussed and proven relativistic prediction that when light from a celestial object passes near a massive body such as a star, its path is deflected. The amount of deflection depends on the massiveness of the intervening body. From this came the notion that very massive celestial objects such as galaxies could act as the equivalent of crude optical lenses for light coming from still more distant objects beyond them. An actual gravitational lens was first identified in 1979. Another of the early successes of general relativity was its ability to account for the puzzle of Mercurys orbit. After the perturbing effects of the other planets on Mercurys orbit were taken into account, an unexplained shift remained in the direction of its perihelion (point of closest approach to the Sun) of 43 seconds of arc per century; the shift had confounded astronomers of the late 19th century. General relativity explained it as a natural effect of the motion of Mercury in the curved space-time around the Sun. Recent radar measurements of Mercurys motion have confirmed this agreement to about half of 1 percent. One of the remarkable properties of general relativity is that it satisfies EEP for all types of bodies. If the Nordtvedt effect were to occur, then the Earth and Moon would be attracted by the Sun with slightly different accelerations, resulting in a small perturbation in the lunar orbit that could be detected by lunar laser ranging, a technique of measuring the distance to the Moon using laser pulses reflected from arrays of mirrors deposited there by Apollo astronauts. One of the first astronomical applications of general relativity was in the area of cosmology. The theory predicts that the universe could be expanding from an initially condensed state, a process known as the big bang. For a number of years the big bang theory was contested by an alternative known as the steady state theory, based on the concept of the continuous creation of matter throughout the universe. Later knowledge gained about the universe, however, has strongly supported the big bang theory as against its competitors. Such findings either were predicted by or did not conflict with relativity theory, thus also further supporting the theory. Perhaps the most critical piece of evidence was the discovery, in 1965, of what is called background radiation. .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 , .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .postImageUrl , .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 , .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531:hover , .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531:visited , .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531:active { border:0!important; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531:active , .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531 .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c448c70c1c9261c1277edfb9ebac531:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Lottery Essay Summary This sea of electromagnetic radiation fills the universe at a temperature of about 2.7 K (2.7 degrees C above absolute zero). Background radiation had been proposed by general relativity as the remaining trace of an early, hot phase of the universe following the big bang. The observed cosmic abundance of helium (20 to 30 percent by weight) is also a required result of the big-bang conditions predicted by relativity theory. In addition, general relativity has suggested various kinds of celestial phenomena that could exist, including neutron stars, black holes, gravitational lenses, and gravitational waves. According to relativistic theory, neutron stars would be small but extremely dense stellar bodies. A neutron star with a mass equal to that of the Sun, for example, would have a radius of only 10 km (6 mi). Stars of this nature have been so compressed by gravitational forces that their density is comparable to densities within the nuclei of atoms, and they are composed primarily of neutrons. Such stars are thought to occur as a by-product of violent celestial events such as supernovae and other gravitational implosions of stars. Since neutron stars were first proposed in the 1930s, numerous celestial objects that exhibit characteristics of this sort have been identified. In 1967 the first of many objects now called pulsars was also detected. These stars, which emit rapid regular pulses of radiation, are now taken to be rapidly spinning neutron stars, with the pulse period represent the period of rotation. Black holes are among the most exotic of the predictions of general relativity, although the concept itself dates from long before the 20th century. These theorized objects are celestial bodies with so strong a gravitational field that no particles or radiation can escape from them, not even lighthence the name. Black holes most likely would be produced by the implosions of extremely massive stars, and they could continue to grow as other material entered their field of attraction. Some theorists have speculated that supermassive black holes may exist at the centers of some clusters of stars and of some galaxies, including our own. While the existence of such black holes has not been proven beyond all doubt, evidence for their presence at a number of known sites is very strong. in conclusion, relativity is a way of looking at things, keeping in mind that everything is moving, and that we really have no way of know just how fast. This theory, along with complex equations developed many years ago, helped to explain certain long misunderstood things about planets and their movements. But the same thinking about very large objects, in motion, like stars, planets, solar sysems, simply does not work accurately when you look at microscopic things, like atoms. Too, since the development of the theory of relativity, we have made many technological advances that have allowed us to make accurate measurements, and to basically confirm the theory is correct.

Mobile and Wearable Devices Industry

Mobile and Wearable Devices Industry Introduction The last decade has experienced enormous innovations that have led to a swift revolution of the mobile and wearable devices industry. As a result, the mobile device market has significantly expanded.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mobile and Wearable Devices Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The development of telecommunication technology has compelled many firms such as Lenovo to manufacture high-tech mobile and wearable devices such as Bluetooth headsets, blood pressure monitors, and smart watches among others. The mobile industry consists of manufacturers and distributors of smart phones, mobile accessories, and tablets among other electronics. Nonetheless, the industry has been faced with a variety of issues that affect its operations. This report provides an analysis of the key trends and industry issues that affect the mobile and wearable devices industry. Key Trends and Industry Issues C onsumer Services The trend of consumer services has significantly shaped the mobile and wearable devices industry. According to Taylor, the key players in the industry have significantly increased consumer services over the past decade (par. 4). Dramatic development of mobile device technologies has also affected the roles of operators and vendors. In the wake of the expanding mobile and wearable devices industry, some companies such as the Motorola Mobility Holdings Inc. have failed to meet the needs of consumers. As a result, Google has sold a unit of the US based mobile company to Lenovo, a Chinese computer company, for approximately 3 billion dollars (Kelion par.1). This acquisition is one of Lenovo’s strategic plans to become a global icon in the consumer market through delivery of smartphones and Think-Pads. According to Kelion, this purchase will make Lenovo the third largest smart device manufacturer in the international arena (par. 6).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scott advances that operators in the mobile industry need to re-evaluate the effects of producer environment on consumer services (par. 2). In addition, manufacturers such as Lenovo have to capitalize on espousal of smartphones to maximize profitability. Moreover, the consumer market has experienced dramatic price structures. The current pricing structures have been confined to certain customer segments. Therefore, operators in the mobile industry should re-examine the existing pricing models to determine their validity in a vibrant technology environment. The consumer market requires pricing strategies that cover wide-ranging customer segments. For instance, Lenovo’s acquisition will lead to establishment of new markets in areas such as North America, Latin America, and Western Europe (Kelion par. 8). As a result, Lenovo’s pricing strategies should favour diversification of mobile devices to offer consumers a vast range of choices (Scott par. 3). Lastly, the emergence of new devices has enormously affected consumer services. Consequently, there is a need for Lenovo to assess both the purchasing power and usage patterns to improve the experiences of consumers. Digitisation of the Employee Mobile and wearable devices manufacturers such as Lenovo should target digitisation of employees to increase motivation and maximize profits. This plan will also increase profitability for the producer companies through the sale of high-end technology devices. For instance, improved healthcare technology will enhance the health of employees through reinforcement of health insurance plans. The health of an employee is important for alleviation of retrogressive work behaviours such as absenteeism.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mobile and Wearable Devices Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This situation enhances production at employee level; hence, it elevates the production level of a company. Although employee healthcare plans have existed for some years, they have been less efficient. However, the availability of high-tech mobile gadgets that have powerful wireless capabilities has led to implementation of integrated technologies that enable management of health. According to Leung, various software technologies have been used in sophisticated gadgets such as the Apple’s iPhone to monitor health conditions such as hypertension and blood oxygenation (par. 7). Similarly, Lenovo should aim at development of smart gadgets that have the capability to monitor numerous events whilst maintaining a high degree of efficiency and accuracy to improve productivity at both employee and organizational levels. Benefits to Production Department Introduction of wearable technology in the retail business has continued to intensify productivity. Googleâ⠂¬â„¢s Motorola unit has been a chief manufacturer of various wireless connectivity enabled devices that ease communication between employees, employers, and customers. Consequently, Lenovo’s acquisition of the Motorola unit is expected to turn the company into a chief manufacturer and distributor of smart wireless mobile and wearable devices. This situation will improve the experiences of both vendors and consumers in the retail industry (Kelion par. 5). Today’s smartphones have exceptional capabilities to support sophisticated internet functions that have enhanced access to information and communication. According to Leung, continued use of wearable technology in the retail industry is expected to increase the output efficiency by approximately 8.5-percent in the next 2 to 3 years (par. 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Various studies have indicated that wearable technology can also improve the level of employee contentment by over 3.6-percent. On a different perspective, wearable technology has enhanced productivity by it scrupulous payment capabilities. This situation has elevated the transactional levels between producers, retailers, and consumers (Leung par. 4). PEST Analysis Political, Economic, Social, and Technological (PEST) factors determine a firm’s volume of production and distribution capacity based on the prevailing market conditions, interest rates, and consumer behaviour. Song reveals that the PEST factors have a greatly influenced manufacturing and distribution of various products in the mobile and wearable industry (9). Politically, governments worldwide require mobile and wearable devices to meet some desired standards that are set to control product quality, manufacturing, and distribution. Global economic landscapes have intensely affected the operations of the mobile in dustry. Therefore, Lenovo’s prospective business in areas such as North America, Latin America, and Western Europe will raise a need for normalization of prices based on the prevailing market conditions and interest rates. In addition, the company should also maintain a constant focus on the social aspects of target consumers. Fashion has become a key driver for consumer preferences. Consumers have developed a high affinity for new mobile phone models. Therefore, companies such as Lenovo should design and improve the models of their mobile and wearable devices to suit the demands of consumers (Song 11). Lastly, the ever-changing technological landscape has significantly shaped the mobile and wearable devices industry. Devices that have a wider range of features and accessories are more attractive to consumers; hence, they dominate the market due to their versatility. Conclusion and Recommendations The report has provided an analysis of the key issues that affect the mobile an d wearable devices industry based on a recent acquisition by Lenovo. The availability of mobile and wearable devices in both production and distribution channels will lead to increased output efficiency. Constant innovation has rendered the future of technology indeterminate. Therefore, Lenovo has an impending potential to exploit mobile and wearable device capabilities. Kelion, Leo. Google sells Motorola Mobility unit to Lenovo for $3bn, 2014. Web. bbc.com/news/business-25956284. Leung, Stuart. How Wearable Technology Can (And Will) Change Your Business, 2014. Web. http://blogs.salesforce.com/company/2014/07/wearable-technology-business.html. Scott, Martin. Consumer services, 2014. Web. analysysmason.com/Services/Research/Consumer-services/Mobile-Devices/. Song, Hee-Carlie. Analysis of the global Smartphone market and the strategies of its major players, 2010. PDF file. 27 Oct. 2014. http://jgbc.fiu.edu/files/journals/2/articles/36/public/36-150-1-PB.pdf. Taylor, Marcus. 19 Implic ations of Google Glass Wearable Tech on Marketing, 2014. Web. https://www.ventureharbour.com/19-implications-google-glass-wearable-tech-marketing/.

Attachment Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attachment Theory - Essay Example It is generally accepted that there are three main attachment styles in adults and children - secure, ambivalent and avoidant. (Bower 1997,a). A national survey of representative samples of 8,080 U.S. adults between 15 and 54 years of age (Bower, 1997, b) by Mickelson, Kessler and Davis, nearly all of the participants were found to conform to one of the three attachment groups. The survey concluded that attachment patterns are the central developmental factor responsible for subsequent personality and social development. While secure attachments, seen in about 59% of those surveyed, led to stable lasting relationships in later life, the 29 % displaying avoidance later developed fear or apathy towards emotional intimacy. Manipulative, distrustful behavior towards romantic partners was a feature of the remaining 11% or so, displaying ambivalent (or anxious) behavior. Finally, the study also pointed out the close association between insecure attachments in childhood and the occurrence of physical abuse or neglect, both of which can contribute to the development of mental illnesses. John Bowlby, the father of attachment theory, considered attachment as a biological necessity - he noted separation anxiety of young children and how babies needed to cling to their mothers in times of stress.

An analysis of a current product portfolio and recommendation of a new Essay

An analysis of a current product portfolio and recommendation of a new product for the UK market, taking into account the market - Essay Example Historically, company was given a royal warrant by Queen Victoria and also declared it as the official manufacturer of cocoa products for the monarch. Later in 1861, the business was taken over by John’s son due to his deteriorating health condition. Subsequently, the company started innovating newer products such as the milk chocolates made up of dried milk powder, sugar, cocoa solids and cocoa butter. The company increased its product portfolio primarily to compete with the leading Swiss milk chocolates in the market (Poulter, 2013). Even though Cadbury has a diversified product portfolio but its ultimate production has always been the chocolates and cocoa products. Their product range comprises from varieties of chocolates in the form of Christmas treats, bars and boxes to the drinking chocolate. The company also specializes on the products made up of vegetarian ingredients (Cadbury, n.d). The vegetarian products are free from the meat based items and are preferable by most of the customers who share vegetarian eating habit. This report focuses on the product portfolio of the company and makes recommendations for the launch of a new product after considering the factors such as market opportunities, marketplace scenario and completion associated with the UK market. Current Product Portfolio Cadbury possesses a wide range of product portfolio among which the major products include Dairy Milk, Milk Tray, Flake, Creme Egg and Roses (Woodgrange Technologies Ltd, 2012). Initially, the company started its operation with as a small chocolate selling business but later after the 100 years of its business, the company entails under its umbrella wide variety of products. If the history of the products is to be reviewed, then it can be observed that all the products were developed by the company primarily during the year 1905- 1938. The company has constantly been involved in adding products under its umbrella in order to strengthen its product portfolio [Dairy Milk in 1905, Milk Tray in 1915, Flake in 1920, Creme Egg in 1923 and Roses in 1938] (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2013). The company has also diversified its product portfolio from chocolate related brands to many other stronger brands such as Bourneville, Green & Black’s and Jaffa along with other categories of chewing gums and candies which has proven to strengthening its product portfolio to a considerable extent. Cadbury has been focusing on the expansion of the products to make its market stronger and also with an intention of providing its customers with the best products. It is worth mentioning that Dairy Milk is the most preferred and popular brand of chocolate among the people almost all over the world. It was launched in the year 1905 with an intention of expanding its business. Notably, the products were produced by the company with lower costs within the intention to capture the customer’s interest along with earning substantial profit for their sale. . T he company has been manufacturing the products which are enjoyed by people of all age (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2013). Targeted Audiences The targeted audiences for Cadbury include people from all age group. Almost all the people including children and adult are very

Understanding how asset classes and systematic strategies behave and Thesis

Understanding how asset classes and systematic strategies behave and perform during different macroeconomic environments - Thesis Example Generally, the business cycle phases are distinguished by various economic changes. These economic changes characterizing the cycles may include employment changes, interest rate changes and industrial productivity. Therefore, the business cycle can be referred to a pattern of fluctuation in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) which affects employees, investors and employers. For instance, a business cycle significantly affects investors, employees and employers who work for a living in the production of services and products, which are in demand (Black 100). The demand for more products fuels inflation and at the same time wages increases. In due time, the demand for products and services decreases as consumers view the prices as unaffordable, this in turn forces the prices to decrease and causes recession. At the end of the cycle, the demand rises as a result of the declining prices as lower prices fuel demand. Therefore, the cycle starts at the beginning once again. When the business cycle is hugely affected by economic factors and does not run smoothly, it can result in the Great depression. Hence, this is the reason behind governments drive to intervene and manage economies (Piros & Pinto 284). Tracking the cycles assists experts in determining the direction and trends of the economy. The business cycle can be beneficial in the equity sector as it can track equity market returns over a given period from months to years (Black 100). In a given period, the economic cycle may differ from one cycle to another; however, there are some trends, which are repetitive and thus are critical in analyzing the fluctuation in determining economic changes. The changes in the economic cycle are vital transformation in the rate of development in the market especially declining and increment in rates of growth in inventories, employment, corporate profits and

Ethics of Research Trials in Developing Countries

Ethics of Research Trials in Developing Countries Zoheb Rafique INTRODUCTION: Asia is the most diverse continent in the world in terms of culture, religion, population size, finance, education, health care, academic research, general population skills, and governmental drug regulations. Each Asian country has its own unique qualities when it comes to attracting industry sponsored clinical trials. Factors that influence selecting location of a study site for a sponsored trial are mainly population size, infrastructure, education levels, quality of health care, cost and drug regulatory platform. Some Asian countries such as Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore have among the longest life-expectancy, lowest infant mortality and highest per capita income worldwide, while others are in the lower end of such rankings. Several, notably China and India, are amid rapid economic development, as the Asian economy is more-or-less becoming the global axis, with the economies of US and Europe slowing. Asia has a population of 3.8 billion, at least ten times more than North Americ a or Europe. As the world’s most populous continent, Asia has by no means reached full capacity in contributing with subjects in testing new medical products in collaboration with the international pharmaceutical industry. This trend will certainly direct more sponsored clinical trials to Asia, but not necessarily benefit all Asian countries. Engaged in 18.1 % of all protocols globally Asia is involved in more sponsored trials than any other region. India, Korea and Taiwan standout as the most active locations for multi-national trials in Asia. When ranking is for cities Seoul is the most active Asia city, followed by Taipei, Hong Kong, Singapore and New Delhi. The globalization process of sponsored clinical trials has provided an opportunity for Asia to attract international companies to the region and also seemingly encourages development of local life-science industries (1). In this paper, I will discuss the responsibilities of researcher/funder when the research trial is conducted in developing countries and especially in our country Pakistan and I will also talk on ethical justifications of doing research trials in Pakistan and other poor and developing countries. DISCUSSION: Resource poor countries require a lot of attention from the medical research establishment in order to sustain the quest for treatments and remedies for diseases and other health-threatening conditions. However, the collaboration between rich countries and well-endowed agencies, on one-hand, and economically constrained research communities, on the other, requires a careful assessment of responsibilities and options for researchers and research subjects alike. Major players in international research also include big pharmaceutical companies who seek people living in developing countries as subjects. Safety and standard of care for human volunteers are also major issues. â€Å"I had not been exploring Big Pharma of third world ‘volunteers’ as cheap guinea pigs, observes writer John le Carre (2001). â€Å"Their role, though they may not ever know this, is to test drugs, not yet approved for testing in the US, which they themselves will never be able to afford even if the tests turn out reasonably safe† (le Carre, 2001). In the US, it costs on average $ 10,000 per patient to conduct a clinical trial, in Russia $ 3,000, and in the poorest parts of the world, much less. This is one of the strong reasons why clinical trials are now a Third World growth industry. In the end, the drugs under trial are for western markets. In its May 2000 edition, Center Watch, a newsletter for the burgeoning clinical trials business, published an exuberant article under the title Latin American Fever in which it said the continent ‘may offer a unique opportunity to reach much larger numbers of study subjects’. Eli Lilly tested 590 patients, in 1994, across Africa, the Middle East and Central and Eastern Europe. In 2001, the company expected to run tests in those regions on 7,309 patients. It is not only the human subjects who are at risk. In the rush to market, poorly constructed, weakly monitored trials are releasing untried and untested drugs for con sumption (le Carre, 2001). The Contemporary practice of biomedical research on a global scale has given rise to evolving forms of exploitation. Standards of justice and equality tend to be put in question in the face of research practices that often put heavy burdens on poor people and poor communities in poor countries. There is a need to remain vigilant in the prior review of these activities and the monitoring of their implementation in order to ensure that biomedical research is conducted in accordance with universally acceptable standards. One of the most important requirements for the conduct of research in developing countries is emphasized in the WHO-Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences’ Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects: to guarantee that those communities where these new drugs have been tested will be given affordable access to the newly developed and approved drugs. Otherwise, one might rightly argue that people in d eveloping countries have yet again been exploited by Western researchers without benefiting from the positive results their risk-taking has yielded (Del Rio, Kamarulzaman, and Schuklenk, n.d.). Ruth Macklin observes that it is not just individuals who can lose out when big drug companies carry out their tests. When industrialized countries do research in a developing country, the developing country can’t afford the products of that research. The researcher’s pullout and the successful products then become available in the Western industrialized countries and the population in the countries where the research was done get nothing. So that’s truly a question of justice, and we’re beginning to see a movement to rectify that injustice (2000). The wide disparities in resources that are available for biomedical research in developed and developing countries give rise to ethically relevant issues of research prioritization and collaboration. The international re search community has to accelerate the shift to an environment where researchers from developing countries are recognized as full and equal partners in biomedical studies; where the technologies of developed and developing countries are integrated and made widely available; and where the benefits of biomedical research for participant communities can be ensured (2). In resource-poor countries like Pakistan and majority of developing countries, the two primary means of protecting participants-IRB review and Informed Consent may be inadequate. IRBs in developing countries may lack training, experience, and resources. IRBs in the United States are unlikely to be familiar with conditions in the host country. Informed Consent may be problematic in a country where people are poorly educated and lack health literacy, and where physicians in clinical practice usually do not tell patients their diagnosis, admit uncertainty, or obtain consent. Participants may not accept Western models of dis ease. Furthermore, participants might hear rumors and other misinformation about a research study. In several highly publicized cases, researchers from developed countries have been harshly criticized for allegedly conducting inappropriately risk studies in resource poor counties without adequate consent. The other problem is health priority and it would be an imprudent use of limited health care resources in a developing country to conduct human-participants research that does not address a health or public health priority in the host country. Because of scarce resources and logistical constraints, medical interventions that are standard in developed countries may not be available or feasible in resource poor countries where the trial is conducted. This creates an ethical tension between providing a benefit to research participants and obtaining generalizable scientific knowledge. According to the ethical obligation to minimize harm to participants, researchers should provide inter ventions that are known to be effective and feasible to prevent or treat the condition addressed in the clinical trial. Because participants in a research study help researchers, sponsors, and society at large, they should receive some benefit in return as a matter of reciprocity. Advocates contend that researchers and sponsors must avoid taking unfair advantage of participants and their communities by providing those who bear the risks of research appropriate benefits, in addition to the long-term benefit of generalizable knowledge. Researchers and Sponsors need to consider whether the study intervention will be available in the host country if it is shown to be effective and safe. Some ethics expert point out that providing reasonable access to study interventions after a trial may be an inadequate reciprocation for participation in research. First, it is too limited and weak an obligation. If the study is something other than a pivotal clinical trial (for example, an epidemiologi cal study), no additional benefits will be required. Even if the study is a clinical trial, it might be a negative study. Second, other benefits might be more useful to participants or their communities than the trial drug. For example, they might benefit more from better primary care or better education for host country health care workers. Third, the appropriate target group for benefits may be all persons in the community where the study is carried out, not just trial participants. Providing benefits only to trial participants will widen health disparities in the resource-poor host country and therefore raise concerns about causing injustice. Thus, providing benefits to the host country should be done in a way that ameliorates rather than worsens health disparities. For these reasons, some writers argue that researchers and sponsors from the developed world should provide fair benefits to the research participants and their communities in reciprocity for what they contribute to the research. Researchers could provide benefits to research participants in a number of ways, such as by providing health education or some basic health services; training local health care workers, researchers, and IRBs; donating equipment at the end of the study; and giving local investigators a key in analyzing data and writing papers. Such contributions ensure that the community where the research is carried out will receive benefits in reciprocity for participating in the research. By building infrastructure, researchers can help provide sustainable improvements that will help to narrow health disparities between rich and poor nations (3). Pakistan is also among the poor and one of developing country and the health care conditions here are same as any South Asian or African country. We will apply the same ethical and moral rules when we talk about research here in Pakistan. Ethical requirements for clinical research do not end when individuals either sign the consent form or are enrolled in research or refuse enrollment. Individuals must continue to be treated with respect from the time they are approached even if they refuse enrollment throughout their participation and even after their participation ends. Respecting potential and enrolled subjects entails at least 5 different activities. First, since substantial information will be collected about enrolled subjects, their privacy must be respected by managing the information in accordance with confidentiali ty rules. Second, respect includes permitting subjects to change their mind, to decide that the research does not match their interests, and to withdraw without penalty. Third, in the course of clinical research new information about the effect of the intervention may be gained. Respect requires that enrolled subjects be provided with this new information. Fourth, the welfare of subjects should be carefully monitored throughout their research participation. If subjects experience adverse reactions, untoward events, or changes in clinical status, they should be provided with appropriate treatment and, when necessary, removed from the study. Finally, to recognize subject’s contribution to clinical research, there should be some mechanism to inform them of what was learned from the research (4). CONCLUSION: The basic disclosure requirement for satisfying the informed consent provision in U.S. research regulations focus on information needed by a potential participant to decide whether or not to participate in a study. Of the eight basic disclosure requirements, one focuses on potential benefits: a description of any benefits to the subject or to others which may reasonably be expected from the research. Traditionally, such a disclosure has been required to ensure that potential participants understand whether there is any possibility that the intervention itself might benefit them while they are enrolled in the study. There is, however, no specific mention of any post-trial benefits. If any case, those who may participate in studies should be informed of the potential benefits, if any, that they might receive by doing so. Because this information is relevant to participants’ decisions to participate in the research, ethics review committees should require investigators to make th ese disclosures (5). In the end I will conclude by saying that research participants should know each and every thing regarding their participation in the research trial or rejecting it, and it is their right to know all risks and benefits while participating in the research trials and this should be applicable to all countries around the world including all developing countries and also our country Pakistan. REFERENCES: 1. Johan PE Karlberg. Development of Sponsored Clinical Trials in Asia. Clinical Trial Magnifier. 2008; Vol. 1:5: 77-100. 2. Leonardo D. de Castro Et Al. Bioethics in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues and Concerns. 2003; 1-108. 3. LO B. Clinical Research in Resource-Poor Countries. Ethical issues in Clinical Research: A practical Guide. 2008; Ch.22:194-210. 4. Ezekiel J. Emanuel Et Al. What Makes Clinical Research Ethical? JAMA. 2000; 283(20): 2701-2711. 5. Ch 3; Voluntary Informed Consent. National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 35-53.

Analysis of Act 3 of A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Act Three

Analysis of Act 3 of A Doll's House For most of the play, we see Torvald delighting in Nora’s dependence upon him but not in his control over her, but as the play progresses the side of Torvald we see is more pushover than dictator. In the scene following the party, Torvald’s enjoyment of his control over Nora takes on a darker tone. He treats her like his possession, like the young girl he first acquired years ago. Contributing to the feeling of control that Torvald is exercising over Nora is that the evening has been of Torvald’s design—he dresses Nora in a costume of his choosing and coaches her to dance the tarantella in the manner that he finds â€Å"desirable.† The hollowness of Torvald’s promises to save Nora shows how little he appreciates her sacrifice. Nora expects compassion from Torvald after he finds out about her predicament, especially since, after learning of Dr. Rank’s imminent death, Torvald confesses that he fantasizes about risking his life to save Nora’s. Once given the opportunity, however, Torvald shows no intention of sacrificing anything for No...

Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Essay

Just as the title describes, Entwistle explains within the book the attempts and varied approaches of integrating both psychology and Christianity, two entities which seem to have been at odds with each other since the time of Galileo. By explaining key historical conflicts, such as instances of friction between religion and science, readers are able to understand how psychology and Christianity are intertwined, and how the same principles that hold them together also seek to push them apart. As said best by Entwistle, â€Å"The interaction of psychology and theology is virtually inevitable due to their mutual interest in understanding the ambiguities and mysteries of human behavior, and healing human brokenness.† (Entwistle, 2010, p.51) According to Entwistle each person has their own worldview, a unique way in which one sees the world around them shaped by their own experiences, knowledge, and culture. The family we were born into, the town we grew up, the continent our town is located all help shape our worldview. Our worldview allows us to question if what we believe is true and if our beliefs have a place within our religion. In taking a Christian worldview believing and understanding in the creation, Fall, redemption, and consummation provides a starting point for integration by allowing Christians to understand how the world around them began and their place in that world. (Entwistle, 2010, p.67) Five paradigms are described as ways of relating psychology to Christianity and they are as follows: enemies, spies, colonialists, neutral parties, and allies as subjects of one sovereign. As enemies, there is no possible way that psychology and Christianity can be integrated. As spies, allegiance is held to one while borrowing principles from the other. As colonialists, there is a recognition of the importance of psychology, but does not attempt to use any of its principles. As neutral parties, both psychology and Christianity recognize findings that are paramount between the two, however both are separated from one another. And lastly, as allies the integration of both psychology and Christianity embrace the word and works of God and his ability to rule over both disciplines. (Entwistle, 2010, p.154) In conclusion, the road to integrating psychology and Christianity continues to be a long one. As Christians, we know that God is the creator of man and that we are born in His image but have sinfully fallen short, and that Jesus died for our sins so we are able to seek forgiveness. The Bible remains our guide for daily living. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and our behaviors attempting to explain why we think and behave the ways we do. â€Å"Rather, the task at hand is the difficult work of reading the psychological and biblical sources, checking the research and the interpretations, and then asking how together they can help us attain a more complete picture of the human condition.† (Entiwistle, 2010, p.267) Concrete Response In reading this book it triggered a memory from over ten years ago. In 2001, I lost my great-grandmother to heart related issues. For me her death went farther than just losing a relative. As far back as I can remember my great-grandmother was a part of my daily life. My mother had me when she was still in high school so naturally she still lived at home. My father was nonexistent in my life so my world revolved around a house full of women: my mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother. I had just graduated high school and was anxiously approaching the start of my first semester in college the following August. Everyone else in the household was at work, while I was enjoying my summer vacation. It was still early in the morning and my great-grandmother had decided to lay down for an early nap. At this point in her life she needed help remembering when to take her medications so I went to her bedroom to wake her up. Upon entering her bedroom I did not notice anything out of the ordinary, but as I nudged her and called her name I became more frantic as the realization of my worst fears came to fruition, that no matter what I did she would never wake up again. One of the first questions that came to mind was, â€Å"Why God?† Then, â€Å"Why me?† soon followed. But as a Christian, I understood that God has a plan for all of us. When I was able to see through my grief I knew that her suffering on Earth was over and she was in her heavenly home. However, this event solidified in my mind the concept that we are mortals and our days on Earth are numbered. In some way I feel this event helped shape my decision to help others. Reflection In reading this book, some questions come to mind. While discussing the history and innate differences between psychology and Christianity why did Entwistle not find it relevant to discuss the ways the two had been integrated in the past? Relevant to the history of both are the few people through history that have used both psychology and theology in healing the minds and bodies of followers. Even Native American shamans used both the healing properties of plants and medicines and their belief and worship of spiritual beings to restore health to believers. I think it is important that in moving forward for one to understand the past in preventing history from repeating itself and by learning from others mistakes. Another point I feel that Entwistle failed to make is the possibility of our worldview changing. I feel that although our worldview is shaped over the course of our life that there are reasons that would cause a person’s worldview to change dramatically. For instance, let’s consider a child that has known nothing but abuse and neglect since being brought into the world. Everything they know about the world is skewed by the will to merely survive from day to day. Consider how that child’s worldview would change once that child has been removed and placed with either a foster-family or relative that can begin to teach them that love, trust, and stability do exist in the world. Would that child now hold a different worldview? Action I believe that I have learned many things concerning the integration of psychology and Christianity. The community mental health facility in which I work does not endorse the use of religion in counseling sessions due to their ethics and boundaries policy. However, I feel by allowing the client the opportunity to discuss their own feelings and stance on religion opens the door for me as a therapist to utilize that information in integrating religion into their counseling sessions. By allowing them to include such an integral part of their life I feel they are going to be more successful in overcoming illness and life problems that are their undoing. In conclusion, knowing that I have such limited expertise and experience in combining both religion and psychology, I think it is important as a therapist to know if you are practicing outside your realm of knowledge, therefore I am interested in learning what facilities exist that provide Christian counseling in proximity to my hometown. Clients should feel empowered and have options with which services they receive. It is through my years of working as a therapist that I have also learned clients’ want to feel like they are choosing what is best for themselves rather than being forced. I know I share the same views in my own life and hope I can help others heal within theirs. References Entwistle, D.N. (2010). Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity. (Second Edition e.d.). Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.

HEROIN Essays - Euphoriants, Heroin, Morphine, Substance Dependence

HEROIN Essays - Euphoriants, Heroin, Morphine, Substance Dependence HEROIN Abstract The use of heroin continues to climb in most areas. The number of varieties and sources of heroin available, combined with an increased domestic demand make the heroin market the fastest growing drug market reported. While there are indications of increased use of heroin among younger, suburban users, it is the cadre of older, inner-city heroin users that drive the heroin market (DEA 1996). Almost all areas report that the majority of heroin users are older drug users (over 30) who have been using for many years. However, many areas are reporting an increase in the number of new or younger users. HEROIN 3 Heroin, Its Effects and Treatment Heroin (AKA: smack, horse, mud, brown sugar) has been a part of the drug culture for many years. It is primarily used through injection causing wide spread concerns for everyone. Syringes lost or left behind by users carry disease and narcotics which can effect anyone who comes in contact with them. Syringes from heroin addicts have been found at bus benches, vacant lots by schools, alleyways and public bathrooms. Diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, and tetanus are common amongst heroin addicts (Strategy 1996). Heroin is an opiate or a downer and is made from the resin taken from the seed pod of the poppy plant. The resin is processed in a variety of ways resulting in the final product known as heroin . The processing method determines the appearance of heroin as it is seen on the street. Black tar heroin looks like tootsie roll candy and/or dark caramel and has a strong vinegar odor to it. Black Tar heroin is packaged in small pieces of aluminum foil, tightly wrapped plastic and/or cellophane from cigarette packages. "The heroin affects the brain?s pleasure and pain system. It interferes with the brain?s ability to perceive pain and activates the brain?s pleasure system. The drug is fast acting, especially when injected or smoked. Injected heroin reaches the brain in 15-30 seconds, smoked heroin reaches the brain in 7 seconds" (Mckim, 1996). Non-intravenous heroin doesn?t give nearly as intense a rush and so is thought to be less addicting. People who snort heroin can often do so on and off for long periods of time without becoming strongly addicted. This occasional use of heroin is called HEROIN 4 "chipping" and it seems that some lucky people can remain successful chippers over months or even years. Unfortunately, a high percentage of chippers become addicts. Most junkies begin as chippers with no thought that they would ever become addicts (Drug Free, 1996). With the preferred method of heroin use being injection, you will generally see certain types of paraphernalia. This paraphernalia will include, but is not limited to, spoons with residue in the spoon along with a piece of cotton, the bottom side of the spoon having burn marks and the handle being bent downward somewhat. Syringes are also included in this paraphernalia along with soda bottle caps, which have the same use as the spoons. The spoons or caps are used to dilute and liquefy the heroin. The cotton in the spoon is for filtering the heroin as it is drawn into the syringe. To put a perspective on heroin, morphine is one of the strongest legal pain killers known and heroin is five times stronger. Heroin tends to relax the user. An immediate rush usually will occur and sometimes be accompanied by side effects such as restlessness, nausea and vomiting. A user of heroin may go on the "nod". This is best described as going back and forth from feeling alert to drowsy. Due to the use of needles with this drug, infections and abscesses on the body are common. Heroin users will normally have injuries that have been left unattended due to the drugs pain killing abilities. Addiction usually leads to malnutrition and weight loss. A person addicted to heroin may look like they are in a daze, almost to the point of sleep, have a dry mouth, HEROIN 5 low raspy voice, droopy eyelids, profuse itching, and fresh puncture marks or sores covering their body (Mckim, 1996). The greatest risks of being a heroin addict is death from heroin overdose. Each year about one percent of all heroin addicts in the

30 Famous Bilingual French Quotes

30 Famous Bilingual French Quotes French quotes are a fun and interesting way to learn some French vocabulary. The quotes below are short, famous, and easy to memorize. The quotations are grouped in sections according to their content so that you can find just the right saying to impress your family, friends, and colleagues- French or American- with your command of this Romance language. Each Fench quote is followed by its English translation as well as the person who made the statement. Right and Wrong Truth, like beauty, may be in the eye of the beholder, but in French, there are many ways to say that you think- actually know- that you are right and others are wrong. Prouver que jai raison serait accorder que je puis avoir tort.Proving that I am right would be admitting that I could be wrong.- Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais Il ny a pas de verità ©s moyennes.​There are no half-truths.- Georges Bernanos On nest point toujours une bà ªte pour lavoir à ©tà © quelquefois.Being a fool sometimes does not make one a fool all the time.- Denis Diderot Thought and Existence Widely regarded as the father of modern philosophy, Renà © Descartes uttered four famous words- I think, therefore I am.- which are even briefer in Latin, the language he used to create the dictum: Cogito, ergo sum. Descartes motivated humans to begin thinking about the meaning of thought and existence, but other French notables also had interesting things to say on the subject. Je pense, donc, je suis.I think, therefore, I am.-  Renà © Descartes Imaginer cest choisir.To imagine is to choose.- Jean Giono Le monde a commencà © sans lhomme et il sachà ¨vera sans lui.The world began without man and it will end without him.- Claude Là ©vi-Strauss La Raison cest la folie du plus fort. La raison du moins fort cest de la folie.​Reason is the madness of the strongest. The reason of those less strong is madness.- Eugà ¨ne Ionesco Dans une grande à ¢me tout est grand.In a great mind everything is great.- Blaise Pascal Books and Art As one of the countries that helped usher in the  Renaissance  centuries ago, France has also produced many thinkers who have commented on great books and great art. Le livre est lopium de lOccident.Books are the opium of the West.- Anatole France LÅ“uvre dart, cest une idà ©e quon exagà ¨re.A work of art is an idea that someone exaggerates.- Andrà © Gide Les livres sont des amis froids et sà »rs.Books are cold and certain friends.-​  Victor Hugo Le monde est un livre dont chaque pas nous ouvre une page.The world is a book- with each step we open a page.  - Alphonse de Lamartine Un peuple malheureux fait les grands artistes.An unhappy nation makes great artists.- Alfred de Musset Les chefs-dÅ“uvre ne sont jamais que des tentatives heureuses.Masterpieces are never anything else but happy attempts.- George Sand Écrire, cest une faà §on de parler sans à ªtre interrompu.​Writing is a way to talk without being interrupted.- Jules Renard Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Liberty, equality, fraternity is the national French motto. The words marked the  end of absolute monarchy  and  the birth of the sovereign nation  in 1792, after the French Revolution. Not surprisingly, many French thinkers have had plenty to say on the subject. Les Franà §ais sont des veaux.French people are calves.- Charles de Gaulle On nous apprend vivre quand la vie est passà ©e.They teach us to live when life is past.- Michel de Montaigne La libertà © est pour la Science ce que lair est pour lanimal.Liberty is to science what air is to animals.- Henri Poincarà © Tous pour un, un pour tous.All for one, one for all.  -  Alexandre Dumas Un homme seul est toujours en mauvaise compagnie.A lone man is always in poor company.- Paul Valà ©ry Miscellaneous Thoughts Many French sayings dont fit neatly into any single category, but they are thought-provoking, nevertheless. Je me sers danimaux pour instruire les hommes.I use animals to teach men.-  Jean de La Fontaine La science na pas de patrie.Science has no homeland.- Louis Pasteur Tout commence en mystique et finit en politique.Everything begins mystically and ends politically.- Charles Pà ©guy Plus loffenseur mest cher, plus je ressens linjure.The more dearly I hold the offender, the more strongly I feel the insult.- Jean Racine Être adulte, cest à ªtre seul.To be an adult is to be alone.- Jean Rostand On ne voit bien quavec le coeur.We see well only with the heart.- Antoine de Saint-Exupà ©ry Lenfer, cest les autres.Hell is other people.- Jean-Paul Sartre vaillant coeur rien dimpossible.For a valiant heart nothing is impossible.- Jacques Coeur Dis-moi ce que tu manges, je te dirai ce que  tu es.Tell me what you eat and Ill tell you what you are.- Anthelme Brillat-Savarin Va, je ne te hais point.Go, I dont hate you.- Pierre Corneille​

Opportunity, direct and indirect costs Assignment

Opportunity, direct and indirect costs - Assignment Example Suppose I decided to watch the Brazil – Argentina match at the expense of watching England-Germany match. Using modern technologies, I can definitely record the England-Germany at the time of watching the Brazil – Argentina match. In this case, I am reducing the opportunity cost of losing the live telecast of England-Germany match. However, it is quite possible that the England-Germany match was more interesting and the Brazil – Argentina match was quite boring. In this case, the indirect costs (foregone opportunities) are greater than the direct (out-of-pocket) costs. Suppose I am going for a tour in a rented car. Imagine the rent for the car per day is $1000. If I go alone, I have to pay the whole amount myself. On the other hand, if I go along with three other colleagues, I have to pay only 250 dollars per day. In the first case, the marginal cost was $ 1000 whereas in the second case it was only $250. In short, the marginal cost of renting a car will be reduc ed considerably if the number of passengers increases. It should be noted that if I rent the car alone, $ 750 will be wasted as sunk cost. I am reducing the opportunity cost of losing the live telecast of England-Germany match. However, it is quite possible that the England-Germany match was more interesting and the Brazil – Argentina match was quite boring. In this case, the indirect costs (foregone opportunities) are greater than the direct (out-of-pocket) costs. Opportunity cost of an activity is usually calculated based on the next best alternative of that activity.

Indonesia Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Indonesia Development - Case Study Example Another major reason is the widespread corruption existing there. Rise in public expenditure and widespread reforms in judicial systems and police service can be suggested as the major policy options for alleviating the current situation. More focus needs to be given to the health and education needs of poor. These need assistance from international organizations like World Bank. According to (Seers 1989, 485), development cannot be measured in terms of economic development alone. This is because for economic development Gross Domestic Product is used as the main indicator. This indicator is only an aggregation and hence in a country with significant poverty, a luxury item like car will be counted more than an essential commodity like food items. Hence, GDP can overestimate the level of development in a country (Seers 1989 486). Further, economic development need not always lead to human development. It involves development in terms of combination of social, economic and political development rather than economic development alone. Therefore, development needs to be measured in terms of a combination of economic and social terms. Based on the above definition of development, the current level of development in Indonesia is assessed. The major indicators of development used are economic and social indicators. For indicating economic development, the growth rate of GDP, inflation, money supply, foreign exports and imports and foreign investments are used. The main social indicators used are population growth rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, school participation rate, adult literacy rate and unemployment rate.Further, the reasons for the current level of development are also examined. Finally, the main policies to be adopted for improving the current level of development are suggested. How to implement these policies and what assistance is needed for the country to improve the situation are also examined. 2. Current Level of Indonesia's Development and its Reasons In terms of economic development, Indonesia achieved considerable growth since 1966 (Hill 2000, 11).From 1969 to 1997, there has been a rapid rise of about 150 percent rise in GDP in Indonesia. In this period, service sector has been following the economy's overall growth very closely (Hill 2000, 11).The main reasons for the sustained economic growth in this period have been suggested as high investment rates and thereby rapid technological transfer (Dick and Vincent 2002,354).Money supply growth and Inflation were all under control in this period(Hill 2000,30). At present, Indonesia has an economic growth of 4.2 percent, which is the highest in South East Asia though this was less than the GDP growth of 6.2 percent in 2008(Asian Development Outlook 2009,136). This decline might be due to the global financial crisis of 2008. Private and government consumption grew by 5.4 percent and 18.0 percent while investment declined slightly in 2009. Service sector has been the major contributor to GDP growth followed by industrial and agricultural sector in 2009.Inflation declined to 2.7 percent in 2009 from 12.7 percent and poverty incidence measured by the national poverty line declined to 14.7 percent in 2009 from 15.4 percent. Net foreign investment inflows are $3.5 trillion in 2009 and balance of payments recorded a surplus. The trends in foreign trade show that the